Korczak committees have been formed in Poland, Israel and West Germany. Commemorative postage stamps were issued on the 20 th anniversary of his death in both Poland and Israel. His achievements have inspired various studies and Erwin Sylvanus' German drama Korczak und die Kinder (1958 Dr. Korczak's heroism and martyrdom created a legend and invested him with the glory of a saint. When he, his assistant, and some 200 orphans at last reached the cattle trucks waiting to ship them to Treblinka, Korczak refused a last-minute offer of his freedom in return for abandoning his charges and went with them to his death. When the Nazi deportation order was served in 1942, Korczak, suppressing the truth, told his children that they were going on a picnic in the country. After the Nazi invasion of Poland, he strove to protect the orphanage in the Warsaw Ghetto, to which it had been transferred in 1940, and rescued many other hapless youngsters. The educational and social philosophy of the kibbutz movement greatly impressed Korczak, who would undoubtedly have settled in Ereẓ Israel, had this not meant deserting his orphans in Warsaw. In 1934 and again in 1936 he visited Palestine, where he met many of his old pupils who had become ḥaluẓim, spending some time at kibbutz Ein Ḥarod. With the rise of Hitler and the spread of antisemitism Korczak's Jewish consciousness deepened and he became Poland's non-Zionist representative on the Jewish Agency. His last works include Uparty chłopiec ("A Stubborn Boy," 1937) about Pasteur Ludzie są dobrzy ("People as Good," 1938) and Refleksje ("Reflections," 1938). These were translated into several languages, including Hebrew, and later became especially popular in Israel. In later years, in his small bare room in the Jewish orphanage, Korczak wrote many others, including Sam na sam z Bogiem ("Alone with God," 1922), on prayer Kiedy znów będę mały ("When I Am Small Again," 1925) Król Maciuś Pierwszy ("Matthew the Young King," 1928) and Kajtuś czarodziej ("Kajtuś the Magician," 1934). Two early children's books were Mośki, Jośki, Srule (1910), the story of three Jewish boys, and Józki, Jaśki, and Franki (1911). On the basis of his experiences Korczak published theoretical works, such as Jak kochać dziecko ("How to Love a Child," 1920–21) and Prawo dziecka do szacunku ("The Child's Right to Respect," 1929).
JAKUB KOZAK SMULTRON FREE
Korczak also became a probation officer, a lecturer at the Free Polish University and the Jewish teachers' institute, and a frequent broadcaster on topics relating to children and adults.
His success prompted the authorities to secure his aid in establishing a parallel non-Jewish orphanage near Warsaw. Korczak's educational approach, revolutionary in its time, gave children a system of self-government and the opportunity of producing their own newspaper, Mały Przegląd ("Little Journal"), which appeared as a weekly supplement to the Zionist daily Nasz Przegląd (1920–39). In 1911 the writer became the head of a new Jewish orphanage in Warsaw and retained the post for the rest of his life, apart from his World War i service as a Polish medical officer. Both books aroused discussion and controversy, especially among the reactionary elements subjected to Korczak's incisive criticism. Dziecko salonu ("A Child of the Salon," 1906) painted a contrasting picture of a pampered middle-class boy whose existence depends on the dictatorship of money. His social concern was first revealed in Dzieci ulicy ("Children of the Street," 1901), which described the horrifying plight of homeless orphans in the cities, living on their wits and stealing to survive, yet retaining their sense of right and wrong. Korczak, who was born into a wealthy and assimilated Warsaw family, qualified as a physician and soon became interested in the poor, working as a volunteer in summer camps for underprivileged children. KORCZAK, JANUSZ ( Henryk Goldszmidt 1878 or 1879–1942), Polish author, educator, and social worker.
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